We assessed the accumulation dynamics of forage and its components in Elephant grass cv. Napier (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) that were subjected to three post-grazing height treatments (30, 50, and 70 cm) from February through May 2009 (experiment one) and December 2009 through May 2010 (experiment two). In experiment one, the grazing events started when the light interception by the canopy reached 95%. The same was adopted for experiment two, except for the first grazing event, which was based on the height of the apical meristems of basal tillers. The experimental design for both experiments was a randomized complete block with three replications. The pastures that were managed at a post-grazing height of 30 cm exhibited lower rates of leaf and stem growth, total growth and forage accumulation than those that were managed at 50 or 70 cm, indicating that post-grazing height affects Elephant grass. The pastures that were managed at 50 cm exhibited relatively stable accumulation rates and less stem accumulation. Pastures managed at 70 cm of pos-grazing height presented more leaf and stem accumulation. Most apical meristems of Elephant grass should be removed in the first grazing when they reach the post-grazing target height of 50 cm. The elevation in the residual post-grazing height, especially in the summer, raises the regrowth vigor in the Elephant grass cv. Napier pasture. The post-grazing height of 30 cm reduces the growth of the Elephant grass cv. Napier.

This study was conducted to evaluate the daily production of forage and its morphological components, as well as the potential of forage utilization in pastures of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier managed with three post-grazing heights (30, 50 and 70 cm). Two experiments were carried out: one from February to May 2009 and another from December 2009 to May 2010, characterizing months of summer and fall. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with three replicates. The grazing was performed by crossbred heifers of approximately 270 kg body weight, when the sward intercepted 95% of the incoming light. In both experiments, the pastures managed with post-grazing height of 30 cm, in the summer months (December to March), presented lower daily production of leaves and stems, as well as less daily leaf senescence, which resulted in lower daily forage production and accumulation in comparison with those managed at 70 and 50 cm. In the period from February to March 2009 (experiment 1) and December 2009 to March 2010 (experiment 2), pastures presented greater daily production of leaves and forage, greater daily forage accumulation and more daily leaf senescence in relation to the months of April and May 2009 and 2010. On the other hand, the daily production of stems was higher in the fall, in comparison with the summer. Therefore, elevation in the post-grazing height, especially in the summer, increases the regrowth vigor of elephant grass cv. Napier.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capimxaraés submetido a três alturas de corte (15, 20 e 25 cm) quando atingidos 95% de interceptação de luz durante a rebrotação. O experimento foi conduzido segundo delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. A altura do dossel na condição de corte de 95% de interceptação de luz mostrou-se homogênea, com valores próximos a 30 cm. A elevação na altura de corte reduziu a taxa de alongamento de folhas e o número de folhas vivas, mas aumentou a taxa de alongamento de colmos. Como o critério para a realização dos cortes foi o mesmo, antes da competição intensa por luz, a variação na severidade de corte pouco influenciou as características morfogênicas e estruturais dessa gramínea. No verão, devido às melhores condições de crescimento, as plantas apresentaram maior renovação de tecidos, fato caracterizado pela maior taxa de alongamento foliar, pela menor duração de vida da folha e taxa de senescência de folhas comparativamente à outra estação do ano. Em condições de desfolhação intermitente, a rebrotação do capim-xaraés pode ser interrompida aos 30 cm de altura do dossel (frequência) mantendo-se 15 cm de altura de resíduo.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of xaraes palisadegrass submitted to three cutting heights (15, 20 and 25 cm) when the sward reached 95% of light interception during regrowth. The experiment was carried out according to a complete randomized block design with three replications. The sward surface height under the cutting condition of 95% of light interception was very homogeneous with values around 30 cm. The increase in cutting height reduced the leaf elongation rate and the number of live leaves but increased stem elongation rate. As the cutting criterion was the same, before the intense competition for light, the variation in the cutting severity had a small influence on the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of this grass. In the summer, due to the better growth conditions, the plants presented a higher tissue renewal, which was characterized by a higher leaf elongation rate, reduced leaf lifespan and leaf senescence rate when compared to the other season of the year. Under intermittent defoliation conditions, the regrowth of xaraes palisadegrass can be interrupted at a sward height of 30 cm (frequency) keeping a residual height of 15 cm.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais da espécie Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina, submetida a três alturas de corte (20, 27 e 34 cm). As três alturas de corte foram alocadas às unidades experimentais (12 m²) em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. Os cortes foram realizados quando a interceptação luminosa pelo dossel atingiu 95%. A altura do dossel nesse momento mostrou-se constante, com valores próximos a 50 cm. A menor altura de corte (20 cm) influenciou negativamente o comprimento final da lâmina foliar, o número de folhas vivas, a duração de vida da folha, a taxa de alongamento de colmo e a densidade populacional de perfilhos, e positivamente o filocrono e a taxa de senescência de folhas. Provavelmente, cortes a 20 cm de altura causaram elevada decapitação e morte de perfilhos. As piores condições de crescimento junto do florescimento ocorrido durante o outono resultaram em maiores taxas de alongamento de colmos e número de folhas vivas e em menor filocrono, comprimento final da lâmina foliar e duração de vida da folha. A altura do dossel pode ser utilizada como critério prático e eficiente de manejo do capim-andropógon. Em condições de manejo intermitente, a rebrotação deve ser interrompida quando o dossel atingir 50 cm de altura, e a desfolhação, quando a altura de resíduo ficar próxima de 27 cm.

This work was performed aiming to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina species submitted to three cutting heights (20, 27 and 34 cm). The three cutting heights were allocated in experimental units (12 m²) in a complete randomized block design with three replications. The cuts were done when the light interception by the sward reached 95%. At this moment, the sward height revealed itself constant with values close to 50 cm. The lowest cutting height (20 cm) influenced negatively the final leaf blade length, the number of live leaves, the leaf lifespan, the stem elongation rate and the tiller population density, and it influenced positively the phyllochron and the leaf senescence rate. Probably, cuts at 20 cm height caused a high decapitation and death of the tillers. The worst growth conditions in addition to the blossom of this specie occurred during fall resulted in higher stem elongation rates and number of live leaves, and lower phyllochron, final leaf blade length, and leaf lifespan. The sward height can be used as a practical and efficient criterion in the management of andropogon grass. Under intermittent management conditions, the regrowth of andropogon grass must be interrupted when the sward reaches 50 cm height, and the defoliation must be interrupted when the stubble height is close to 27 cm.

RESUMO - Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de concentrado sobre o consumo voluntário e as digestibilidades aparentes, total e parcial de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos totais (CHT), no rúmen e nos intestinos. Cinco bezerros holandeses, inteiros, fistulados no rúmen e abomaso, com idade média inicial de 5,8±0,7 meses e 107,4±11,0 kg PV médio inicial foram distribuídos em quadrado latino 5x5 (tratamento vs. período). Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais e alimentados à vontade com dietas contendo 30,0; 45,0; 60;0; 75,0; e 90,0% de concentrado, com base na MS, em rações contendo, como volumoso, o feno de capim coast-cross e no concentrado, o farelo de soja e fubá de milho. O óxido crômico foi usado como indicador para se estimarem os fluxos de MS fecal e abomasal. Os consumos de MS, MO, PB e CHT, em kg/dia, não foram influenciados pelas dietas, enquanto o de EE aumentou e o de FDN diminuiu linearmente, quando expressos em %PV e g/kg0,75, com a elevação dos níveis de concentrado na ração. As digestibilidades aparentes totais de MS, MO, EE e CHT aumentaram linearmente com a inclusão de concentrado nas dietas, mas a digestibilidade da FDN não foi influenciada. As digestibilidades ruminais de MS, FDN e CHT não variaram com a inclusão de concentrado nas dietas, porém a digestibilidade de MO diminuiu e a do EE aumentou linearmente, com o aumento no nível de concentrado das dietas. A digestibilidade intestinal de MS não foi influenciada, mas a da MO e a dos CHT aumentaram linearmente. As digestibilidades do EE e da FDN não foram influenciadas pela inclusão de níveis crescentes de concentrado na rações.

ABSTRACT - This work was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrate levels on the voluntary intake and the apparent total and partial digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrates (TCH), in the rumen and in the intestines. Five rumen and abomasum fistulated Holstein calves, with initial average age of 5.8±0.7 months and initial average of 107.4±11.0 kg LW were allotted to a 5x5 Latin square design (treatment x period). The animals were housed in individual stalls and full fed diets (DM basis) containing 30.0, 45.0, 60.0, 75,0 and 90.0% of concentrate. The diets were based on coast-cross grass hay as forage and soybean meal and ground corn grain in the concentrate. The chromic oxide was used as marker to estimate the fecal and abomasal DM flows. The intakes of DM, OM, CP and TCH, in kg/day, were not affected by diets, while that of EE intake increased and NDF intake linearly decreased, when expressed in %LW and g/kg.75 as the dietary concentrate levels increased. Total apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, EE and TCH linearly increased as the dietary concentrate levels increased, but NDF digestibility was not affected. Ruminal digestibilities of DM, NDF and TCH did not vary as the dietary concentrate levels increased, but the OM digestibility increased and that of EE linearly decreased as the dietary concentrate levels increased. The intestinal digestibility of DM did not vary, but that of OM and TCH linearly increased. The EE and NDF digestibilities were not affected by the inclusion of crescent concentrate levels in the diets.